Chimpanzees – towards human and associated fencing |
| Chimpanzees – towards human and associated fencing Posted: 25 May 2011 03:42 AM PDT As scientists collect data, chimps are closer to the people. They are sentient beings, self-conscious, with strong cognitive skills and a proven ability to communicate, adapt to reason, express emotions, and also to manipulate and deceive. With 98.5% of genetic material identical to that of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas are like people. Consequently, there are serious ethical implications in terms of chimpanzees in captivity and used in laboratory experiments. Below is a closeTest of chimpanzees: Chimpanzees live in areas with 21 African countries, including grasslands, savannas and dry forests. They often live in communities 2-10 members area. Two species of chimpanzee are – the common chimpanzee (the four subspecies) and the bonobo (also known as "pygmy chimpanzee" known), the first living on a diet of fruit and meat, fruit, only the latter. Their average lifespan is between 40-50 years. Chimpanzees arecurrently considered at risk primarily because of deforestation and poaching. I. Brain size / structure / nervous system: The chimps have a brain and nervous system similar to that of humans. They learn very quickly, and have the ability to generate creative responses to express feelings (through sounds, gestures and facial expressions), the influence on their environment, and share the pain experience qualitatively the same in spite of a cortex that is approximately 1 / 3 of that sizein humans. The average chimpanzee brain weighs 437 grams compared to 1.3 kg for the average man. In a comparison of brain size to body size – the encephalization quotient (EQ), the average chimpanzee brain registers as 2.49 (the third at 7.44 and 5.31 of the average EQ of humans and dolphins, monkeys rhesus is the fourth in 2.09.) This indicates a high level of cognitive ability. Both humans and chimpanzees engage in sleep itself. This includes the stages of rapid eye movement(REM), indicating both is likely that the dream of the situation. II Social Setting: Chimpanzees are very social, in line with humans, other apes, dolphins and other creatures with a high degree of intelligence. Spend equal time on the ground and the trees (where they build nests to sleep, although some spend Fongoli savannah chimpanzees in southeastern Senegal much time in caves) and go from area to area in search of food. Although acommon characteristic, up to 100 chimpanzees often spend time in small parts to separate mothers and their dependent children in case of refusal. Each family of chimpanzees (in which individuals have a strong bond) requires an alpha or dominant males (bonobos, even if run by women) that he pulls out for hunting, territorial protection, and war. Each community is in the country where the power and intelligence has respect for the hierarchy. Women are the only free sex movebetween communities. Chimpanzees prefer to enjoy sharing rewarded with a partner. A study by Alicia Melis on Ngamba Iceland documented chimpanzee sanctuary in Uganda altruism "in-built 'in humans by Helen Briggs (BBC News, March 3, 2006) found that chimpanzees recognize and appreciate the importance of cooperation. If cooperation was needed, an experiment that simultaneously pulling two ends of a rope to secure the food tray, chimpanzees consistentlyselected the ideal partner in terms Melis', "a level of understanding of the people [can only be seen in it]." Within their communities, maintain chimpanzees complicated social networks in which the care of contact (which creates the calm and strengthen friendships), embraced aspects are important in maintaining cohesion. The game is also an important part of the life of chimpanzees, especially men, when they are young. Chimpanzees are one of the few ways to teach young people the skills theyand culture (among communities that are transmitted by female movement between groups). young chimpanzees 6-8 years (primarily taught by their mothers) spend much of their time learning social skills, community practice what the culture and the instrument through observation, imitation and repetition. At the same time, studies show to recent studies, which form the people and monkeys have in common – and what is not (Anne Casselman, October 11 Smithsonian.com2007) show "human children have management skills far more sophisticated … imitation of another solution to a problem, non-verbal communication and reading the intentions of [the] other." The chimpanzees typically lasts eight months pregnant. Young chimpanzees are weaned from their mothers for three years and reach the third year after puberty. For chimpanzees, puberty lasts three years. When it comes to the treatment of their dead, the chimpanzees often pay frequent visits to see andmourn the dead. Then cover with leaves and branches on the first. III. Multi-modal sensory perception: Chimpanzees and humans use the five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) around the perception of the world around them. Sight and smell are discussed using two critically below the chimpanzee. The anatomical and morphological structure of chimpanzees is similar to the human eye. Similarly, their view is similar.As a result, unlike most non-primate mammals, which are dicromats (their perception of color is based on two colors), primates (including chimpanzees and humans) are trichromatic. If his nerves in the retina to capture the light, uses his brain three fixed wavelength / color of a rich and colorful environment to create. As a result of their similar morphological and anatomical structure of the eye and visual processing, chimps can suffer from some of the same adverse effects in humans (eg, Lucky, a maleChimpanzees in Japan suffer from color blindness). Chimpanzees have an excellent sense of smell, which plays a critical role in their social interactions. In addition to face recognition, with chimpanzees smell to identify each other and their understanding of a different state of mind, as each gives off a distinctive odor of pheromones, which is based in their faeces, urine and glandular secretions can be found . In addition to sight and smell, chimpanzees are also based on consultation (using a similarhuman hearing range) and to a lesser extent, touch and taste. It is noteworthy that chimpanzees, like humans, if they have a choice, I prefer to be sweet. IV form of recognition: Studies have shown that chimpanzees, like humans are "more susceptible to deformation (important for the development of three-dimensional objects) as a convex concave deformation. Look out of shape and mentally handle two-dimensional objects in the same way as humans [1]. Based on this similarityand the similar structure of the eyes and visual processing ability, it is likely that chimpanzees can match simple shapes and complex. More research, however, must be done in this area. V. Mirror self-recognition (MSR): The capacity for perception / self-consciousness have (think to themselves, even in the sphere of physical and spiritual) shows a level of complexity of abstract thought, which rarely among animals. Chimpanzees have this self-awareness and be able symbolicthought. Studies have shown that chimpanzees can recognize themselves in the mirror and realize their behavior and body. While the tests showed MSR chimpanzees have selective attention (you can pay attention to herself in a mirror, are aware of themselves instead of another animal). If chimpanzees were stained with red dye-toxic odorless eyebrows, and the opposite ear, went into a mirror and a careful examination of the markings on their bodies. ScientificExperience also shows that chimpanzees and other apes to some extent "theory of other minds", which recognize individuals have their own beliefs to have. It is also very likely that dolphins and chimpanzees as humans can tell the difference between television and reality. VI. Language / communication and emotion: Although chimpanzees do not have the vocal cords, the ability to speak and a tone for each object as a people, who communicate throughSounds (eg barking, howling, crying, etc.), facial expressions (which require great attention to detail, or more than one aspect of a facial expression, so that the subtleties are important, are not always obvious, interpreted correctly), Poznan and gestures (hands, feet and limbs). Although the majority of sounds chimpanzees are related to a specific emotion, some may be associated with more than one emotion. In addition, each chimpanzee, to identify the reasonshas its own phone calls made in harmony with people and dolphins, each with their own voices and noises. Chimpanzees use intentional communication in individual and group work to meet and their feelings, to convey an essential part of their social behavior. certain behaviors are communication, which for generations. A brief summary of the various emotions associated with chimpanzees and the noise is listed below: 1. Anger: Waa (bark) A brief summary of chimpanzee emotions and their facial expressions is also listed below: 1. Aggression: show teeth in a gaping mouth with erect hairs Chimpanzees communicate "what", "where" and "who", but the past or the future. Their communication is present. But, as Deborah Fouts, co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute reported Brandon Keim, chimpanzees: no man, but they are human beings? (Wired Science, October 14, 2008), "They want toto remember the past [and] understand the concept that something happens later. " Chimpanzees are able to understand American Sign Language (ASL), gestures and symbols can learn associations between sounds and objects without special reinforcement or direct intervention. In the early 1970s, a chimpanzee Washoe followed with four other chimps learned 100 characters. Washoe currently in use up to 240 characters, and also taught ASL adopted child may not humanIntervention. Another chimpanzee, Lucy, even if the word order makes the difference when his coach has signed a tickle him, but want to tickle her. However, it is unlikely that chimpanzees can conceptualize the virtual reality of sounds and symbols to do as human beings. But, as Valerie A. Kuhl, Sarah T. Boysen, chimpanzees recognize spatial and object correspondences between a model and its referent (Psychological Science, Vol 13, Issue 1,19. March 2002), chimpanzees, like children, are sensitive to both spatial and object-relational correspondences between a model and its referent (a person or thing to which a linguistic expression (ie Word, symbol) refers) . " Face detection is another important part of communication. In line with humans, chimpanzees show the species-specific face recognition, distinguish light from chimpanzee faces of other species. However, the chimpanzee infants, thereceive significant exposure of human faces better distinguish between human faces. By Julie Martin-Malivel and Kazunori Okada in human and chimpanzee face recognition in chimpanzees: The role of exposure and impact on categorical perception (Psycnet, American Psychological Association, December 2007) "The exposure is a critical factor in the same species and face recognition nonconspecific also pro. Development of face recognition in infant chimpanzees (Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi, et.al. Science Direct. 20. December 2005), children chimpanzees that develop in human infants prefer the face model models do not studying in their early days. Chimpanzees are creatures that generally show the feelings of love on its own and other species. They show interest grieve for sick or wounded members of the deceased (to the point that a healthy young male died of a heart attack a few weeks after the death of his mother), entertainment and funJoy in the game, as well as fear and worry. In compliance with humans, chimpanzees are emotions that last for a short duration and moods that can last for longer maturities. In addition, studies show baby chimps have the same emotional range as human infants, but it is better to control themselves when it comes to crying uncontrollably. The chimps do not seem to have only human emotions, in spite of. VII Memory: Chimpanzees have very good memory systems. You can learn by heartFaces, symbols and numbers, and learn behaviors that may lead to either a negative or rewarding experience. In line with the human, chimpanzee retain a better memory of events that trigger emotions of those who are neutral. Chimpanzees also have excellent spatial memory that can mentally map Chimps for fruit trees (Matt Walker, BBC News, 6 August 2009) there is the exact location of "a single tree of more than 12,000 others in one pieceForest. "For Forest chimpanzees remember the location of the many fruit trees (Emmanuel Normant, Simone Dagu Ban, and Christophe Boesch, Animal Cognition, 31 May 2009) as the spatial memory" allowed [chimpanzee] to remember the location of many resources and this information to select the most interesting resources. " Also, includes chimpanzees (debunk first thought that only men are capable, as future planning). Since 1997, Santino, a male chimpanzee in aZoo north of Stockholm, Sweden, during rest, has repeatedly arsenals of stones arranged to throw the audience for a future dominance display. " More impressive, he also knew how to recognize and break weak add the pieces of concrete at his table in its cache. VIII tools and problem solving: Chimpanzees and other primates are tool users effective raw (eg Fongoli savannah chimps use spears to hunt and kill monkeys at night (nocturnal primates), CongoChimpanzees use a tool kit and consists of thin "brush-top" flap glued to "fish" for termites and large clubs to break hives of honey reach, Nimba Mountain (Guinea) chimpanzees use wood splitters, wedges and stabilization of the crack and chop Treculia anvils of stone fruits, leaves all use crumpled like sponges to soak about drinking water from tree holes). In fact, they were instruments for more than 4300 years, based on a discovery of stone tools (similar toFormat and size to today's chimpanzees used tools) to eat nuts (with the kind of modern chimpanzees) in Tai National Park, Côte d'Ivoire will be shattered. Moreover, chimpanzees are ill or injured often rely on medicines based on herbs or plants to ease as a remedy for the treatment and / or their pain and suffering. use with analog instruments, chimpanzees can reason and solve problems. The use of abstract thought it how people can solve problems, without training (egget the bananas out of reach targeted logic). When it comes to mathematics, in particular to remember the numbers, the chimpanzees have passed the young students and a British memory champion Ben Pridmore (if the numbers on a screen a second for.4 versus.7 the second, when it remained relatively performed) . Based on which they are world champions! Ape trounces the best of the human world in memory competition (Fiona Macrae, E-Mail Online, January 26, 2008), Amyumu to 7 yearsmale chimpanzees in Japan carried out three times, and Pridmore, when it came to remember the positions of numbers on a computer screen. IX. Arts and culture: If that were the right tools (such as paint, brushes and canvas), chimpanzees have the talent, extraordinary artist whose abstract paintings rival some of the master. Congo (1954-1964), a male chimpanzee of 400 abstracts from the age of 2 to 4 years painting, after collecting a pencil and drawing a linewithout human urges. During a 2005 auction painting Congo went three for £ 14,400, while a painting by Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and a small sculpture by French master Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) met with little interest and were withdrawn . [2] As of Congo, followed by another chimp, producing works equally impressive (like a chimpanzee, the melody, creates images for between $ 1,000 for individuals and $ 7500 for a remarkable three triptychs and sellchimpanzees years, Asuka, has 90 paintings, some of which have been exhibited in galleries in Tokyo has created). Chimpanzees have an innate ability to recognize and listen to music. On the basis of scientific studies of infant chimpanzees (the BBC reported July 30, 2009), they, like people, prefer consonant to the dissonant music. In addition, when music was played for the spirits of chimpanzees in the zoo in Mysore, South India, was one that occurred earlier in an elevator circusobserved dancing. Chimpanzees also have preferences for television. By Kate Baker, enrichment coordinator at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Atlanta, GA, which is redundant Lab Chimps Face Hazy told in the future (David Berreby, The New York Times, February 4, 1997 ), National Geographic programs on chimpanzees and enjoy the use of tools and shows to discuss with people. X. Altruism / moral Chimpanzees and other primates have a sense ofThe morality and fairness, despite the barbaric acts during combat. With monkeys know right from wrong, say scientists (Daily Mail Reporter, February 15, 2009), the "offer selfless service and empathy with the other dogs in need [and] appear even consciousness and skills, a sense of feeling have a commitment "In line with this empathy and altruism, female chimpanzee mirror of human behavior, play a crucial role in mediating the conflict. when two male non-combatantsresolve their differences, females often intervene and remove the stones from their hands – is likely to strengthen their communities, because the division and discord bring weakness and vulnerability. From Emory University, Atlanta, GA studies, chimpanzees also expect the same reward for the same job (she pouted and refused to participate further if others receive more premiums), which suggests a sense of justice and fairness. They were often willing to help others(Including humans), although there is no reward. If a chimpanzee is different from the EU code of social conduct, is in cooperation enshrined in the group (for example, by a group of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands represented, punished chimpanzees who showed up late for dinner, because all eat until all were present). Moreover, like humans, chimpanzees can remember who favored (eg, prepared) and that they were wrong. They are more likely to shareFoods with the former. described at the same time provide an opportunity to chimpanzees, as in a passage from the book by Frans de Waal, making peace among primates (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990) – "Nikki, the leader of the group, suggested during Hennie Hennie .. temporary office, a girl younger than nine years, as well as a bit 'the feeling of sitting with his hand the patch on the back of the neck where Nikkie beaten then seems to forget the incident, is inGrass and stared into the distance. More than 15 minutes later Hennie slowly and goes directly to a group comprising Nikkie … [E] Nikki came up with a series of soft grunts pants. Then he stretched his arm to give the back of his hand for a kiss Nikki. Nikkie hand-kissing is to take the whole hand rather unceremoniously Hennie in the mouth. This contact is kissed by word of mouth. " Moreover, chimpanzees are capable of performing selflessActions, even though most are cases in which another is actively looking for help is limited. Examples are: 1. When Knuckles, in 1999 with cerebral palsy, a debilitating condition (5000-10000 faced by children each year in the U.S.), the mobility (before treatment, would be seated and eat only when fed), is introduced born to other chimpanzees at the Center for Great Apes, Wauchula, FL, a sanctuary for chimpanzees and orangutans, have been subjected to be awareState. She was consistently (a lot of time sitting with him, play with him and take care of him) with kindness and courtesy. 2. Pro scientists located the origins of morality in primate behavior by Nicholas Wade (The New York Times, March 20, 2007), "chimpanzees can not swim, have in the zoo moats trying to save others drowned," and often "losing the Console "After a fight between two players. 3. A study by Felix Warneken and colleagues at the Max PlanckInstitute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany June 27, 2007 New Scientist (chimps may display genuine altruism by Nora Schultz) has published that 67% of semi-altruistic chimpanzee an unknown man who was struggling to reach supports a stick, even if in 2 ½ – meter rope climb was unrewarded. In addition, he taught another group of chimpanzees, open to unpeg a chain and a door that has done this consistently for the chimpanzees, theyknowledge when they tried to open the door without success. 4. A study by Japanese researchers of Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (Kyoto, Japan) on the National Geographic (Chimps display human-like Goodwill, 19 October 2009) published that chimpanzees trained to use to retrieve straws (drinking juice) The sticks were made to obtain, use their training to others, who had trained 75% of the time to be promoted if these chimps, theyfamiliar with appeared to request assistance. XI. Warfare: In line with human behavior, chimpanzees are (with the exception of the bonobo), strongly territorial and can be in war, if committed to combat and primitive analogy to prehistoric man. Although chimpanzees use stones or their hands and feet in a rough battle, the day of use spears and other rudimentary weapons can not be far off. Sometimes even chimpanzees have isolated displayed the same trends as those of hatred, rapeTorture, mutilation and genocide (as documented in two cases certified). Chimpanzees longest war – the war of Gombe (1974-1977), who divided the community into two groups Kasekela created (with the new group, the community Kahama, entering a new valley in 1972) and ended in genocide documented Jane Goodall of chimpanzees in Gombe (Belknap Press, 1986). Since 1974, he formed the male group and advanced Kasekela Kahama area. There, he ledto kill the violent assault against chimpanzees Kahama with the intention, because physical attacks did not stop until their victim completely unable to work and fatally wounded. During the attacks, which have taken in 1977 showed male Kasekela "great excitement and joy," as it awaits collection and actively kill their victims (who were mutilated and partially eaten or eat cannibals). Gombe war ended only when the country was completely Kahamacut and taken over their land on the community Kasekela. From Wired for war? (World Science, February 2005), in August 1998 Researchers in Uganda observed [], a group of male chimpanzees beat and swaggering around another male chimpanzee just killed the body. His trachea, nails, [nails], and the testicles were torn. "Apes of war … It is in our genes? Chimpanzee was dead, [even] with 30 or 40 stab wounds and lacerations [his] ribs covered attackfrom the chest. "Based on the deceased's injuries," it was clear that some of the men who had pressed, while the other attacked. " In general, when chimpanzees engage in a war, a group of men sneaking into the territory of the community and look for other males or females over isolated (and sometimes their children) to attack. In accordance with human hunter-gatherers (of which war is endemic, with 64% interest in the fight against all monkeys for two years of war … it's in our genes?)often exploitation and pillage of conquered territories – Chimpanzees often struggle for resources such as food and females. Ironically, human activities like logging, as in 13th May 1997 issue of The New York Times also reported a contribution to the war that their habitat chimpanzees away forcing the municipalities in the territory of other municipalities, the withdrawal to be made. XII. Laboratory research and ethics: With compelling evidence that chimpanzees and other apes(Improving the adaptability and survival) organisms have human characteristics (eg, feelings such as stress and anxiety), (learn to give them the same quality of pain and suffering) of the nervous system, and more than 90% identical genetic code, ethical factors mean that research in the laboratory, they used violence as forbidden subjects without their consent, especially as these experiments have shown few, if tangible benefits. A review of 749 publishedExperiments with chimpanzees more than ten years from 1995-2004, as explained in chimpanzee experiments: questionable contributions to biomedical progress by Andrew Knight (AATEX, 6th World Congress on alternatives and animal use in life sciences, Tokyo, Japan , 21-25 August 2007) revealed that only 14.7% of the tests used and well-developed methods for combating diseases of the people ", especially" no-one chimpanzee study made an essential contribution in many cases a clearReview all types. " For any non-human primates in medical research: Sensible or dispensed by Jarrod Bailey, Ph.D. (September 2006), "all areas of the [non-human primates (NPH)] The research provides evidence against its utility" on basis of scientific evidence: 1. Non-human primates do not suffer from AIDS, if HIV infection, the experimental results can not be successful with safety tested on human beings [and] there is no vaccine NHP in humans, despite billions of dollars extracted in [beCosts]. 2. NHP experiments have failed to contribute to [understand] the hepatitis A virus (HPV), [create vaccines] understand and damage to liver cells. 3. NHP models have failed to inform us of the pathology of Alzheimer's [because they do not get Alzheimer's disease]. 4. Fundamental differences in symptoms and pathology of Parkinson's disease in humans and primates exist. 5. Of about 150 drugs found successful for stroke in animals (often non-human primates), nosuccess in humans. 6. Hormone replacement therapy found effective against heart disease and stroke in nonhuman primates, increases the risk in humans. 7. There was no significant difference in viral infections and diseases between humans and NHP. 8. gene expression when it comes to disease (for example, 20 out of 333 genes involved in human cancer in non-human primates) is different, with a common ground in only 20% of the proteins of humans and nonhuman primates found. Although research onChimpanzees and other apes is banned in many countries, is still enforced in the United States, despite the protection under the Health Act chimpanzees improvement, maintenance and protection. Perhaps the most convincing argument for banning the use of chimpanzees as guinea pigs in a laboratory study that the survivors suffered laboratory chimpanzees, for similar levels of post-traumatic stress disorder found (PTSD) (which can be of long duration and symptoms of which include, but arenot only anger, anxiety, depression, anxiety, etc.) as victims of human torture. Lab chimps limited (often kept in cages, isolated, unpredictable situations over which they have no control prisoners) are self-mutilation because of the serious physical and mental difficulties are forced to stand on. Undercover investigation to show cruelty to cry to the research laboratory Chimps (The Humane Society of the United States, March 4, 2009), "monkeys, as they are forcibly removed from theirMothers … Chimpanzees show intense fear … if forced to [needle] in their cages squeeze move [and a chimpanzee, even Siafu] tried to invoke the staff [Help] raw begging gestures. " If the British government the use of chimpanzees for research in 1986, says Steve Connor, Science Editor for The Independent Shut chimpanzee research, say scientists (March 27, 2001), was quoted as "a moral issue. Cognitive and behavioral [sic]Functions and features of these animals, I think it is immoral to treat them as expendable for research. "It is not surprising that the European Union is moving to ban the use of chimpanzees in the laboratory. By Connor, "the development of new techniques of genetic engineering, which many" models "allowed to create human disease in rats and mice [GM], has undermined the case for use of chimpanzees in medical research, such as high costs in dollar terms,The pain and suffering, and ethics. XIII. Earlier in the direction of species-stage for human rights: As calls for a ban on chimpanzee research will expand to include governments and courts are also precedents for their special status primarily because of their self-awareness and the ability to get the physical to the spiritual level of abstract thinking illustrate complex cognitive thoughts are mostly people. In 1986, the UK's firstto prohibit field experiments on chimpanzees and other apes. New Zealand Parliament was followed in 1999 to deal with the Netherlands and Australia in 2002 and 2003. In September 2005, Bahia, Brazil court presided by Judge Edmundo Lúcio da Cruz granted habeas corpus protection, a chimpanzee 23 years, so they are Suiça from captivity in a zoo in a cage with little mental stimulation to be transferred to a shrine where they couldenjoy a social life (with 35 other chimpanzees), the possibility of starting a family, and open spaces. This Suiça than ever in the sanctuary after he died unexpectedly, the first animal has been recognized as a legal entity. In June 2008 the Spanish parliament resolution granting a precedent for human rights for chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, according to which these non-human hominids, the right to life, liberty, and enjoy their physicalIntegrity will be protected from torture. In December 2009, the University World News (December 20, 2009), "the prohibition of use of great apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans for scientific evidence [was] widely accepted" by the European Parliament and of EU Council of Ministers reports subject to slight changes in the text for final approval. XIV Conclusion: On the basis of significant cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, that are exceptionally closeThe man and drawing closer to what the scientific evidence accumulates, it is essential that they and other sentient beings (such as monkeys, dolphins), provided protection for their unique status recognized – namely, that the prisoner used just to maintain the species. If a prisoner in this sense, it is essential that they respect and intellectual stimulation that they deserve, their individuality is excellent, and, above all, adopting laws to use them as guinea pigs without their consent is prohibited from givingPigs subjected to unnecessary torture, pain and suffering. _______ [1] T. Matsuno and M. Tomonaga. One advantage to the concave shape of the perception of chimpanzees. (Institute of Primate Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. March 3, 2007). [2], chimpanzees as an artist. Artist ezine. 29. December 2009. http://www.artistsezine.com/WhyChimp.htm Other reference: Chimpanzees. Global Action Network. (Montreal, Canada. 2005). 26. December2009th http://www.gan.ca/animals/chimpanzees.en.html |
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